Tuesday, June 7, 2011

Demographics of India

The demographics of India are remarkably diverse. India is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.21 billion people (2011 census), more than a sixth of the world's population. Already containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2025, surpassing China, its population exceeding 1.6 billion people by 2050.[1][2] Its population growth rate is 1.41%, ranking 93rd in the world.
India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% hovers below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.[3]
India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages) as well as a language isolate (the Nihali language[4] spoken in parts of Maharashtra).
Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[5]
Demographics of India
India-demography.png
Population of India, 1961-2003
Population:1,210,193,422 (2011 est.) (2nd)
Growth rate:1.41% (2009 est.) (93rd)
Birth rate:22.22 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Death rate:6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Life expectancy:69.89 years (2009 est.)
–male:67.46 years (2009 est.)
–female:72.61 years (2009 est.)
Fertility rate:2.68 children born/woman (2010 est.) (82nd)
Infant mortality rate:30.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years:31.1% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.)
15-64 years:63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
65-over:5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio:
At birth:1.12 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Under 15:1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
15-64 years:1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
65-over:0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Nationality:
Major ethnic:See Ethnic Groups of India
Language:
Official:See Languages of India

Salient features

India occupies 2.4% of the world's land area and supports over 17.5% of the world's population. India has more arable land area than any country except the United States,[6] and more water area than any country except Canada and the United States. Indian life revolves mostly around agriculture and allied activities in small villages, where the overwhelming majority of Indians live. As per the 2001 census, 72.2% of the population[7] lives in about 638,000 villages[8] and the remaining 27.8%[9] lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[10]

[edit]List of States and Union territories by demographics

[hide]Historical population of India 
CensusPop.%±
1951361,088,000
—
1961439,235,00021.6%
1971548,160,00024.8%
1981683,329,00024.7%
1991846,421,00023.9%
20011,028,737,00021.5%
20111,210,193,42217.6%
Source:Census of India[11]
Rank↓State or union territory↓Population↓%[12]↓Rural Pop.[13]↓Urban Pop.[13]↓Area km²[14]↓Density (per km²)↓Area mi²↓Density (per mi²)↓Sex ratio↓
1Uttar Pradesh199,581,52016.49%131,658,33934,539,582240,92882893,022.82146908
2Maharashtra112,372,9729.29%55,777,64741,100,980307,713365118,808.7815946
3Bihar103,804,6378.58%74,316,7098,681,80094,163110236,356.52,855916
4West Bengal91,347,7367.55%57,748,94622,427,25188,752103034,267.32,666908
5Andhra Pradesh84,665,5337.00%55,401,06720,808,940275,045308106,195.5797912
6Tamil Nadu72,138,9585.96%34,921,68127,483,998130,05855550,215.71,437915
7Madhya Pradesh72,597,5656.00%44,380,87815,967,145308,245236119,014.1610930
8Rajasthan68,621,0125.67%43,292,81313,214,375342,239201132,139.2519926
9Karnataka61,130,7045.05%34,889,03317,961,529191,79131974,050.9826968
10Gujarat60,383,6284.99%31,740,76718,930,250196,02430875,685.3798918
11Orissa41,947,3583.47%31,287,4225,517,238155,70726960,118.8698905
12Kerala33,387,6772.76%23,574,4498,266,92538,86385915,005.12,2251,084
13Jharkhand32,966,2382.72%20,952,0885,993,74179,71441430,777.71071947
14Assam31,169,2722.58%23,216,2883,439,24078,43839730,285.11029954
15Punjab27,704,2362.29%16,096,4888,262,51150,36255019,444.91,425893
16Haryana25,353,0812.09%15,029,2606,115,30444,21257317,070.31,485877
17Chhattisgarh25,540,1962.11%16,648,0564,185,747135,19118952,197.5489991
18Jammu and Kashmir12,548,9261.04%7,627,0622,516,638222,2365685,805.8146883
19Uttarakhand10,116,7520.84%6,310,2752,179,07453,48318920,649.9490963
20Himachal Pradesh6,856,5090.57%5,482,319595,58155,67312321,495.5319974
21Tripura3,671,0320.30%2,653,453545,75010,4863504,048.7907921
22Meghalaya2,964,0070.24%1,864,711454,11122,4291328,659.9342986
23Manipurβ2,721,7560.22%1,590,820575,96822,3271228,620.5316987
24Nagaland1,980,6020.16%1,647,249342,78716,5791196,401.2309931
25Goa1,457,7230.12%677,091670,5773,7023941,429.41020968
26Arunachal Pradesh1,382,6110.11%870,087227,88183,7431732,333.443920
27Mizoram1,091,0140.09%447,567441,00621,081528,139.4134975
28Sikkim607,6880.05%480,98159,8707,096862,739.8222889
UT1Delhi16,753,2351.38%944,72712,905,78011,2979,340572.629,258866
UT2Puducherry1,244,4640.10%325,726648,6194792,598184.96,7301,038
UT3Chandigarh1,054,6860.09%92,120808,5151149,25244.023,970818
UT4Andaman and Nicobar Islands379,9440.03%239,954116,1988,249463,185.0119878
UT5Dadra and Nagar Haveli342,8530.03%170,02750,463491698189.61,808775
UT6Daman and Diu242,9110.02%100,85657,3481122,16943.25,623618
UT7Lakshadweep64,4290.01%33,68326,967322,01312.45,196946
TotalIndia1,210,193,422100.00%742,490,639286,119,6893,287,2403821,269,210.5954940

[edit]Religious demographics

Main article: Religion in India

India contains the majority of the world's Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Hindus, Jains and Bahá'í. India is also home to the third-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan.
Religious majorities vary greatly by state. Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep are Muslim majority states; Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya are Christian majority; Punjab is majoritySikh; It is to be noted that while participants in the Indian census may choose to not declare their religion, there is no mechanism for a person to indicate that he/she does not adhere to any religion. Due to this limitation in the Indian census process, the data for persons not affiliated with any religion may not be accurate.
The table below summarizes the findings of the 2001 census with regards to religion in India:
  1. All figures in %.
  2. Others including Bahá'ís, Jews, and Parsis.
  3. Tribal Animists (and non religious) are grouped under Others after 1926 (1931 census onwards)
Table 2: Census information for 2001*
Composition↓Hindus[16]↓Muslims[17]↓Christians[18]↓Sikhs[19]↓Buddhist[20]↓Jains[21]↓Others[22]↓
 % total of population 200180.5%13.4%2.3%1.9%0.8%0.4%0.6%
10-Yr Growth % (est '91–'01)[23]*20.3%29.5%22.6%18.2%24.5%26.0%103.1%
Sex ratio (avg. 944)93594010098959559401000
Literacy rate (71.7% for Age 7 & above)[24]75.560.090.370.473.095.050.0
Work Participation Rate40.431.339.737.740.632.948.4
Rural sex ratio[23]9449531001895958937995
Urban sex ratio[23]9229071026886944941966
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs)925950964786942870976
N.B. Table excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state.
* The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Indian-administered Kashmir); 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.
† No. of females/1000 males.
India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven - activists fear eight million female foetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011. [25]

[edit]Linguistic demographics

Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India
43% of the Hindus speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bangla, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and other languages. Almost 45% of the Muslims speak Urdu while the rest speak Assamese, Bangla, Gujarati,Kashmiri, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and other languages. About one-third of the Christians speak Malayalam, one-sixth speak Tamil while the rest speak a variety of languages. In total, there are 1,652 languages and dialects spoken in India.[26]
Languages of India by number of native speakers as per the 2001 census[27]
Rank↓Language↓Speakers↓Percentage↓
1Hindi dialects[28]422,048,64241.03%
2Bengali83,369,7698.11%
3Telugu74,002,8567.19%
4Marathi71,936,8946.99%
5Tamil60,793,8145.91%
6Urdu51,536,1115.01%
7Gujarati46,091,6174.48%
8Kannada37,924,0113.69%
9Malayalam33,066,3923.21%
10Oriya33,017,4463.21%
11Punjabi29,102,4772.83%
12Assamese13,168,4841.28%
13Maithili12,179,1221.18%
14Bhili/Bhilodi9,582,9570.93%
15Santali6,469,6000.63%
16Kashmiri5,527,6980.54%
17Nepali2,871,7490.28%
18Gondi2,713,7900.26%
19Sindhi2,535,4850.25%
20Konkani2,489,0150.24%
21Dogri2,282,5890.22%
22Khandeshi2,075,2580.20%
23Kurukh1,751,4890.17%
24Tulu1,722,7680.17%
25Meitei (Manipuri)1,466,705*0.14%
26Bodo1,350,4780.13%
27Khasi1,128,5750.112%
28Mundari1,061,3520.105%
29Ho1,042,7240.103%
N.B. The percentage of speakers of each language for 2001 has been worked out on the total population of India (excluding Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results).
* Excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati District.

Largest cities

view · talk · editview · talk · editLargest cities of India
World Gazetteer[29]
Mumbai
Mumbai
RankCity NameState/UTPop.RankCity NameState/UTPop.Bengaluru
Bengaluru
1MumbaiMaharastra13,830,88411JaipurRajastan3,210,570
2DelhiDelhi12,565,90112LucknowUttar Pradesh2,750,447
3BengaluruKarnataka5,438,06513NagpurMaharastra2,447,063
4KolkataWest Bengal5,138,20814PatnaBihar1,875,572
5ChennaiTamilnadu4,616,63915IndoreMadhya Pradesh1,854,930
6HyderabadAndhra Pradesh4,068,61116BhopalMadhya Pradesh1,792,203
7AhmedabadGujarat3,959,43217ThaneMaharastra1,807,616
8PuneMaharastra3,446,33018LudhianaPunjab1,740,247
9SuratGujarat3,344,13519AgraUttar Pradesh1,686,976
10KanpurUttar Pradesh3,221,43520PimpriMaharashtra1,637,905

[edit]CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
Chart showing the Total Fertility Rate of Indian states (SRS survey 1996-98)[30]
Total Population
1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA)[31] 1,028.7 million (2001 Census final figures, March 1 enumeration and estimated 124,000 in areas of Manipur that could not be covered in the enumeration)
Map showing the population density of each district in India.
Rural Population
72.2%, male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 Census)
Age structure
0–14 years: 30.8%, male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%, male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%, male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.)
Median age
25.1 years
Population growth rate
1.548% (2009 est.)
Birth rate
21.76 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Death rate
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Map showing the literacy rate of each district in India.
Literacy rate
71.7% (Age 7 & above) [24]
Percent of the population under the poverty line
22% (2006 est.)
Unemployment Rate
7.8%
Net migration rate
−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.098 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.061 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
total population: 1.064 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 30.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) male: 34.61 deaths/1,000 live births female: 25.17 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 69.89 years
male: 67.46 years
female: 72.61 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate
2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.) The TFR (Total number of children born per women) according to Religion in 2001 was :
Hindus — 2.0 Muslims — 2.4 Sikhs — 2.1 Christians — 2.1 Buddhists — 2.1 Jains — 1.4 Animists and Others — 2.99 Tribals — 3.16 Scheduled Castes — 2.89[citation needed]
Religions
Hindu 80.5% Muslim 13.4% Christian 2.3% Sikh 1.8% Buddhists 0.8% Jains 0.4% others 0.7% unspecified 0.1% (2001 Census) [32][33][34][35]
Scheduled Castes and Tribes
Scheduled Castes: 16.2% (2001 Census) Scheduled Tribes: 8.2% (2001 Census)
Languages: See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million (the second largest beingBangla with some 207 million). 22 languages are recognized as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[26][36]

[edit]Population projections

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability.[37][38]
Source:[39]
  • 2020: 1,326,093,000
  • 2030: 1,460,743,000
  • 2040: 1,571,715,000
  • 2050: 1,656,554,000

[edit]2020 Estimate

Source:[40]
YearUnder 1515–6465+Total
2000361604451010
2005368673511093
2010370747581175
2015372819651256
2020373882761331

[edit]Ethnic groups

The national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India,[41] but recognizes many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).
It should be noted that Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic are mainly linguistic terms and denote speakers of these linguistic groups.
For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighboring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent or the tree diagram above.

[edit]Genetics

See also: Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations

[edit]Y-chromosome DNA

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarized as follows where haplogroups R1a, H, R2, L & NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[43]
  • H ~ 30%
  • R1a ~ 20%
  • R2 ~ 15%
  • L ~ 10%
  • NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
  • Other Haplogroups 15%

[edit]Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[45]

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